Today there is much made of the fact that the New Testament (NT) and Christianity is a Jewish religion. Some then draw the conclusion that if we want to understand Jesus and the NT, then we must understand Judaism. This is completely true, for if we do not understand the context Jesus, Paul, Peter and the others wrote to, then we will not understand their sayings and writings. However, this does not mean that we should rush to our local synagogue to understand Judaism. Because Modern Judaism is NOT the Judaism spoken of in the NT.
What is Ancient Judaism?
Ancient Judaism could also be called Yahwism—the worship of Yahweh as the only true God. It was made distinct from the many religions around them which recognized that there were many gods vying for power. All Judaism recognized that there is only one God, Yahweh, and he is the king of all other powers and authorities in and above the world. In the first century (the time of the NT), all the Judaisms were based on the foundation of the Hebrew Scriptures (called by Christians today the Old Testament), especially the first five book—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These were called the Law or Torah and all Judaism recognized many parts of it as the foundation of their beliefs.
However, we must recognize that there was not one kind of Judaism in the first century, but many. And there were many aspects of every kind of Judaism.
Law—All Judaism believed that God gave a law that he wanted his people to follow. And though the five books of Moses included many laws, there were many disagreements as to what law would best be followed, how to interpret God’s law and how it should be enforced among his people. The Pharisees were one group that saw God’s law as central to Judaism.
Temple—All Judaism saw a temple as central for worshipping God and to offer sacrifices at. They saw the priesthood as descended from Moses’ line and they ran the temple. They were all in agreement that God established a place among his people where he should rightly be worshipped. And apart from one sect—the Samaritans—all Judaism believed that the temple in Jerusalem was the place God has chosen to be worshipped. However, some saw it as more important than others, and one group—the Essenes—believed that the temple and priesthood in Jerusalem was impure and God would replace them.
Kingdom—All Judaism recognized that God has established a nation which was chosen by Him. And they all believed that God’s nation was destined to rule the world someday, even as Rome did. Some of them believed that this would take place through God’s chosen king, called a Messiah, who might be the son of David, or might be a priest. However, most Jews were focused on the continuing process of running a nation, especially when most Jews—who recognized that they were a part of God’s nation—lived outside of God’s chosen land, Israel/Judah. Some held that Jews should focus on bringing this kingdom to pass, either through obeying God’s law, or through political maneuvering, or through warfare.
There are many other aspects of Ancient Judaism, such as prophetic speech, good deeds, various schools and much more.
What happened to Ancient Judaism?
Beginning with 70AD, Judaism changed dramatically. The Temple was destroyed in that year, and the priesthood has never been officially recognized since. The nation of Judah lost all political power, and almost all Jews became dispersed from their land. There were only two kinds of Judaism that was prepared to continue past the destruction of Jerusalem in 70AD—Christianity and a Judaism that focused on the law.
What is Modern Judaism?
The Judaism that focused on the law was connected to the Pharisees, but distanced themselves from that group, focusing instead on teachers who interpreted the law in a way that could last past the temple. These teachers were called Rabbis—Aramaic for “master”—and they taught that the one who obeyed the Torah of God was the true Jew. However, many of the laws in the Hebrew Scriptures could not be obeyed because there was no more nation, temple or priesthood. So the Rabbinic Jews focused less on the books of Moses themselves, and more on the interpretations of the books. They taught that while Moses himself wrote down laws for all the people, he taught the interpretation of the law to the judges that were called “elders” in the Bible. These elders passed down this interpretation from one generation to another, until finally it was written down in a book called the Mishnah, in about 200AD. Later Rabbis interpreted the Mishnah for contemporary use, and their interpretations were written down in a larger book called the Talmud. Today, most Rabbinic Jews recognize the Talmud as Scripture, and they study it and interpret it for their everyday life. Thus, they do not live out the books of Moses directly themselves, but instead interpret it through the teachings of the ancient Rabbis.
The NT and Judaisms
Thus, we can draw the following conclusions:
Modern Judaism is not the Judaism of the NT
We should not think that we can gain a full understanding of Ancient Judaism on the basis of what we learn from Modern Judaism. To understand the Judaism of Jesus and Paul’s day, the best resources we have are not the writings or teachings of modern Rabbinic Judaism. Rather than reading the Mishnah or Talmud (as helpful as that may be) or consulting with modern Rabbis, we would do better to read ancient Jewish books, such as those found in Catholic Bibles. Books such as Sirach or the Psalms of Solomon or the Testimonies of the Twelve Patriarchs or Tobit give us a much better idea of the Judaism of Jesus’ day.
Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism are equally the outgrowth of ancient Judaism
Modern Judaism is not the “mother” religion, with Christianity being the “daughter”. Rather, Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism are really both “daughters” of Ancient Judaism, which passed with the Temple. Jesus was unique in his understanding of Judaism, and while he was in agreement with some of the ancient ways, he also had a completely different way of seeing it from most people. The Rabbis of the Talmud also saw Judaism differently than the ancients and from Jesus, and so they constitute a different Judaism again. Now, all that is left is Christianity—the outgrowth of Jesus’ understanding of Ancient Judaism—and Rabbinic Judaism—an outgrowth of the Rabbi’s understanding of Ancient Judaism.
The NT is not directly speaking to Modern Judaism
We should not try to understand Jesus’ or Paul’s critique of Judaism in their day on the basis of what we understand Modern Judaism doing. None of the writers of the NT were speaking to modern Jews because modern Judaism did not exist in those days. Rather, the NT speaks to Ancient Temple Judaism, with their political involvement and powerful priesthood and magnificent Temple. On the other hand, the Talmud does have some to say about Jesus and Christianity—and they reject it in no uncertain terms. There is no question that some part of the development of modern Judaism was a negative response to the rise of Christianity, which they saw as an aberrant form of ancient Judaism (not recognizing that they were just as divergent from the ancient religion).
The Messianic Movement
But what shall we say about the “Messianic” movement today, then? This is a group which retains its Rabbinic Jewish heritage, but also claims Jesus as their Messiah. Are they wrong to do this? Absolutely not. But do they represent a return to NT congregations? Probably not. Although what the Messianic congregations do is very interesting, they are not much closer to the ancient Jewish church than Eastern Orthodox churches. And neither group fully represents the ancient church that we read about in the NT.
We must keep in mind that the NT church was based on the synagogue practices of two thousand years ago. All organizations and practices—no matter how traditional in origin—shift over time. To base Christian congregations on Modern Judaism is not a return to ancient practice. It is rather a cultural coloring of Christianity on the basis of Modern Judaism.
Some might have a problem with this, thinking it is corrupting the church. However, it is really the best form of evangelism there is. The Messianic congregations demonstrate to modern Jews that Christianity can honor many of their traditions, and yet honor Jesus as Lord. It has been a cliché that one could be a Jew or a Christian, but not both—the Messianic congregations prove that one could be a cultural, ethnic (modern) Jew and be a full, obedient believer in Jesus. And so they have overcome a hurdle that the church could not have done without them.
The only warning the NT has about these congregations is this: do not allow the practice of your congregation become the basis of judgement against another. There are many ways of honoring the Lord Jesus with our lives—but just because one seems more “Jewish” than another, it does not mean that it is closer to Jesus’ will. Let us all honor Jesus in the freedom Jesus gave us, some as (modern) Jews, and some as (modern) Gentiles. And let us all praise God that Jesus welcomes us all, no matter what our cultural background!
Saturday, February 20, 2010
Wednesday, February 17, 2010
God's Sovereignty: A Different Approach
I think one of the great confusions about God in theology, and what causes the greatest amount of problems, is God’s sovereignty. The basic approach of Christian theology since Augustine, and finalized in the disciples of Calvin, is God’s control over every aspect of creation. Nothing gets done without God’s authority and approval. Of course, this approach to God falls into difficulties when seeing terrible events happen in which many thousands of people die. How can God, who is supposed to love every single person individually, personally approve of a mass killing of those He is tender-hearted about? I don’t want to get into the complex arguments about how this could be, and some of the greatest Christian literature has been written on this subject. My approach, personally, is that our whole conception of God is wrong.
It begins with a wrong idea of what sovereignty is. Somehow, we consider God’s sovereignty to be different than human sovereignty. This would make sense, since, as we have seen, God is considered to be containing all the power of the universe, in all place, knowing all things both possible and actual, active in sustaining all the universe. Such a being, when considered to be sovereign, would be rightly considered in complete control of every event in the universe. However, as we have also seen, the God of the Bible is not exactly the same as this perfect theological picture of God. God can do whatever He wants, but that doesn’t mean that He exerts all power that exists. God can know whatever He wants, and can be wherever He wants, but this does not mean that He is at all places at the same time. God is existing both before and after human history, but this doesn’t mean that God never had a beginning. God’s needs are limited, but it can be shown that He needs us, if only emotionally, which emotions such as anger and jealousy and love we must affirm that God has or else deny the whole of Scripture.
Even so, biblically, we must limit God’s sovereignty. This statement can get me in trouble, because, of course, biblically we must affirm that God is the creator of the universe, and thus He holds the complete right to rule the universe. That I absolutely affirm. But Scripture also affirms that God has surrendered His sovereignty—His rule—of the earth and all it contains to humanity (Genesis 1, Psalm 8). Humanity is now the sovereign one over all the earth, and humanity has surrendered that sovereignty to governments. Thus, the governments act in God’s stead as ruler over the earth.
Is God still sovereign? Absolutely. If a government steps too far out of line of God’s will, then God steps in and takes the government out—as described in Psalm 82, and seen in Genesis 18-19. And if the whole world abuses those whom God protects, then God will take over the whole world again—and this is what is prayed for in “Thy kingdom come” and described in detail in Revelation. Part of the hope of the believer is God’s direct rule over the earth, through Jesus, without anyone else as mediator between the earth and God.
Why do disasters happen? Because they do. The earth isn’t completely stable, and disasters will always happen. God might prevent them, if He is asked to. And He might help more, if He is asked. But God will not move amidst a government who doesn’t seek Him. And God will not protect a nation who isn’t interested in doing His will—which is all of them, without exception. God is much like a parent who releases his child to go out into the world on their own. The child will suffer much and face terrible trials, but as long as the child says, “I’ll do it myself”, the parent will let them.
The exception is supposed to be the people of Jesus. Jesus was fully in tune with His Father, only doing as He pleases, seeking His will and relying on Him alone. The people of Jesus are supposed to have a relationship with God like that. God is to be fully sovereign over those who release their sovereignty to Him. But as long as we, who claim to follow Jesus, retain our sovereignty, and deny God His proper place, then we will never experience God’s love and power. Disasters will still happen and we will have to face them on our own. The more we release ourselves to trusting God, then the more we will experience God’s care for us.
How is it, then, that those who trust God suffer so much? Because we live in churches, in cities, under governments that do not trust God or surrender their sovereignty to Him. We are under the rulership of toddlers who think that they can do whatever they please. In some cases, those who fully trust the Lord are sacrificed for the sake of others so that they might trust God. This is what happened to Jesus, and many of us suffer because God specifically is asking us to stand in the gap for those who need His help so much.
But there are also many who suffer because the ones truly in charge of the world are toddlers who have to do things themselves, not under the guidance of God’s wisdom, with the focus of God’s mercy or the unbelievable magnitude of God’s power. Trusters of God are just as likely to be in a natural disaster, because those who rule the area are not asking God for help. This isn’t some spite by God, but simply a natural event that God could have prevented if people relied on prayer rather than their own power. Trusters of God are just as likely to die in a war as anyone else, because war is a sign of people not trusting in God, but their own power, and as long as war exists then everyone is threatened. Trusters of God are just as likely to suffer poverty as anyone else, because the governments of this world are more interested in denying their own responsibility and asserting others’ responsibility rather than relying on God’s mercy.
This is why we need Jesus to rule the world. He is the only human who can see clearly with God’s power and mercy. Churches talk about God’s sovereignty, but act as if He is powerless and must work through them. Governments talk about mercy, but they neglect the needy in their own nations and the world, because they don’t really believe in God’s mercy. Jesus demonstrated through His ministry God’s unbelievable power and His mercy. And through His death he paved the way for us to live in it.
God’s “sovereignty requires that He be absolutely free, which means simply that He must be free to do whatever He wills to do anywhere at any time to carry out His eternal purpose.” –A.W. Tozer But the inscrutability of God is that He has taken his ultimate freedom and surrendered this freedom to His creation. Freedom in the modern day means that one has a right to follow one’s basic, positive nature. But God surrendered His freedom to accomplish His perfect will on earth to humanity. He took some of the most lively part of His creation and limited His own access to it, limiting his rights to openly act on the earth. And he gave over this freedom to the hands of an unworthy, weak creation.
It is this very act that Satan doesn’t understand and rebels against. Satan tested humanity right at the beginning and found them unworthy. Satan continues to test our best and brightest, and finds them all filled with sin, selfish, and lacking true understanding and mercy. Humanity—because of the powerful nature to imitate that which surrounds them—has copied Satan in despising the weak, and rejecting the unworthy, immediately punishing them as soon as they are found. The very rebellion that Satan acts upon humanity to dethrone them from their high place, is that which makes our planet unlivable—judgment of the weak, and calling unworthy those whom God has given rule.
Instead, God invites us, in His gentle way, to follow Jesus. To grant even the unworthy mercy. To offer forgiveness to those who have rebelled. To give up one’s own rights so that the weak might have power and wholeness. To surrender the unnecessary punishment, but instead to be respectful and welcoming so that humanity might imitate God and not Satan.
It begins with a wrong idea of what sovereignty is. Somehow, we consider God’s sovereignty to be different than human sovereignty. This would make sense, since, as we have seen, God is considered to be containing all the power of the universe, in all place, knowing all things both possible and actual, active in sustaining all the universe. Such a being, when considered to be sovereign, would be rightly considered in complete control of every event in the universe. However, as we have also seen, the God of the Bible is not exactly the same as this perfect theological picture of God. God can do whatever He wants, but that doesn’t mean that He exerts all power that exists. God can know whatever He wants, and can be wherever He wants, but this does not mean that He is at all places at the same time. God is existing both before and after human history, but this doesn’t mean that God never had a beginning. God’s needs are limited, but it can be shown that He needs us, if only emotionally, which emotions such as anger and jealousy and love we must affirm that God has or else deny the whole of Scripture.
Even so, biblically, we must limit God’s sovereignty. This statement can get me in trouble, because, of course, biblically we must affirm that God is the creator of the universe, and thus He holds the complete right to rule the universe. That I absolutely affirm. But Scripture also affirms that God has surrendered His sovereignty—His rule—of the earth and all it contains to humanity (Genesis 1, Psalm 8). Humanity is now the sovereign one over all the earth, and humanity has surrendered that sovereignty to governments. Thus, the governments act in God’s stead as ruler over the earth.
Is God still sovereign? Absolutely. If a government steps too far out of line of God’s will, then God steps in and takes the government out—as described in Psalm 82, and seen in Genesis 18-19. And if the whole world abuses those whom God protects, then God will take over the whole world again—and this is what is prayed for in “Thy kingdom come” and described in detail in Revelation. Part of the hope of the believer is God’s direct rule over the earth, through Jesus, without anyone else as mediator between the earth and God.
Why do disasters happen? Because they do. The earth isn’t completely stable, and disasters will always happen. God might prevent them, if He is asked to. And He might help more, if He is asked. But God will not move amidst a government who doesn’t seek Him. And God will not protect a nation who isn’t interested in doing His will—which is all of them, without exception. God is much like a parent who releases his child to go out into the world on their own. The child will suffer much and face terrible trials, but as long as the child says, “I’ll do it myself”, the parent will let them.
The exception is supposed to be the people of Jesus. Jesus was fully in tune with His Father, only doing as He pleases, seeking His will and relying on Him alone. The people of Jesus are supposed to have a relationship with God like that. God is to be fully sovereign over those who release their sovereignty to Him. But as long as we, who claim to follow Jesus, retain our sovereignty, and deny God His proper place, then we will never experience God’s love and power. Disasters will still happen and we will have to face them on our own. The more we release ourselves to trusting God, then the more we will experience God’s care for us.
How is it, then, that those who trust God suffer so much? Because we live in churches, in cities, under governments that do not trust God or surrender their sovereignty to Him. We are under the rulership of toddlers who think that they can do whatever they please. In some cases, those who fully trust the Lord are sacrificed for the sake of others so that they might trust God. This is what happened to Jesus, and many of us suffer because God specifically is asking us to stand in the gap for those who need His help so much.
But there are also many who suffer because the ones truly in charge of the world are toddlers who have to do things themselves, not under the guidance of God’s wisdom, with the focus of God’s mercy or the unbelievable magnitude of God’s power. Trusters of God are just as likely to be in a natural disaster, because those who rule the area are not asking God for help. This isn’t some spite by God, but simply a natural event that God could have prevented if people relied on prayer rather than their own power. Trusters of God are just as likely to die in a war as anyone else, because war is a sign of people not trusting in God, but their own power, and as long as war exists then everyone is threatened. Trusters of God are just as likely to suffer poverty as anyone else, because the governments of this world are more interested in denying their own responsibility and asserting others’ responsibility rather than relying on God’s mercy.
This is why we need Jesus to rule the world. He is the only human who can see clearly with God’s power and mercy. Churches talk about God’s sovereignty, but act as if He is powerless and must work through them. Governments talk about mercy, but they neglect the needy in their own nations and the world, because they don’t really believe in God’s mercy. Jesus demonstrated through His ministry God’s unbelievable power and His mercy. And through His death he paved the way for us to live in it.
God’s “sovereignty requires that He be absolutely free, which means simply that He must be free to do whatever He wills to do anywhere at any time to carry out His eternal purpose.” –A.W. Tozer But the inscrutability of God is that He has taken his ultimate freedom and surrendered this freedom to His creation. Freedom in the modern day means that one has a right to follow one’s basic, positive nature. But God surrendered His freedom to accomplish His perfect will on earth to humanity. He took some of the most lively part of His creation and limited His own access to it, limiting his rights to openly act on the earth. And he gave over this freedom to the hands of an unworthy, weak creation.
It is this very act that Satan doesn’t understand and rebels against. Satan tested humanity right at the beginning and found them unworthy. Satan continues to test our best and brightest, and finds them all filled with sin, selfish, and lacking true understanding and mercy. Humanity—because of the powerful nature to imitate that which surrounds them—has copied Satan in despising the weak, and rejecting the unworthy, immediately punishing them as soon as they are found. The very rebellion that Satan acts upon humanity to dethrone them from their high place, is that which makes our planet unlivable—judgment of the weak, and calling unworthy those whom God has given rule.
Instead, God invites us, in His gentle way, to follow Jesus. To grant even the unworthy mercy. To offer forgiveness to those who have rebelled. To give up one’s own rights so that the weak might have power and wholeness. To surrender the unnecessary punishment, but instead to be respectful and welcoming so that humanity might imitate God and not Satan.
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